Understanding Brain Tumors: Key Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment Methods

What is a Brain Tumour?

A brain tumour is an abnormal growth of cells within the brain or the surrounding structures. These growths can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), and their effects vary depending on the size, location, and rate of growth.

Some brain tumours grow slowly and may not cause noticeable symptoms at first, while others may rapidly affect brain function. They can originate in the brain itself (primary tumours) or spread from cancers in other parts of the body (secondary or metastatic tumours).

What are the Different Types of Brain Tumours?

There are over 120 types of brain tumours, but they are generally categorised as either primary or secondary. 

  • Primary Brain Tumours:

Primary Brain tumours originate within the brain itself and can be either benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous). One of the most common types is gliomas, which develop from the brain’s supportive glial cells. 

Gliomas include subtypes such as astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and the aggressive glioblastomas. Another prevalent type is meningiomas, which are usually benign and arise from the protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. 

Pituitary adenomas are generally benign tumours that occur in the pituitary gland and can affect hormone levels in the body. Medulloblastomas, on the other hand, are malignant and more frequently seen in children, typically originating in the cerebellum. Each of these tumour types requires tailored diagnostic and treatment approaches depending on their behaviour and location.

  • Secondary (Metastatic) Brain Tumours:

Secondary brain tumours, also known as metastatic brain tumours, are cancers that have spread to the brain from other parts of the body. These tumours are always malignant and are much more common than primary brain tumours. They occur when cancer cells from an existing tumour, most often from the lungs, breasts, kidneys, colon, or skin (melanoma), travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system and lodge in the brain.

Since they originate elsewhere, metastatic brain tumours are treated differently from primary brain tumours. Their symptoms may be similar, such as headaches, seizures, or cognitive changes, but they are often associated with a known cancer diagnosis. In some cases, a secondary brain tumour is the first sign that cancer exists in another part of the body.

What are the Symptoms of a Brain Tumor?

Brain tumour symptoms can vary widely depending on the tumour’s size, type, and location within the brain. Some symptoms appear gradually and worsen over time, while others may come on suddenly. 

Since the brain controls various functions such as movement, sensation, memory, and behaviour, a tumour in different regions can cause different effects.

  • Common Brain Tumour Symptoms:
  • Persistent headaches: Often worse in the morning or during physical activity.
  • Seizures: New-onset seizures or changes in existing seizure patterns may be a warning sign.
  • Vision or hearing problems: Blurred or double vision, or gradual loss of vision or hearing, can occur.
  • Nausea and vomiting: Especially if unexplained and persistent.
  • Cognitive or personality changes: Difficulty concentrating, confusion, memory loss, or mood swings.
  • Balance and coordination issues: Trouble walking, clumsiness, or dizziness.
  • Weakness or numbness: Especially in one part of the body, such as a hand, leg, or face.
  • Speech difficulties: Trouble finding words, slurred speech, or trouble understanding language.
  • Woman Brain Tumour Symptoms:

In women, symptoms can sometimes include hormonal changes due to tumours affecting the pituitary gland. Additionally, women may experience more pronounced emotional or cognitive symptoms due to the tumour’s effect on brain areas responsible for mood regulation.

If you or someone you know is experiencing multiple or worsening symptoms, it’s important to consult a doctor.

What Causes Brain Tumours?

The exact causes of brain tumours are still not fully understood. In most cases, brain tumours develop due to abnormal changes (mutations) in the DNA of brain cells. These mutations cause the cells to grow uncontrollably, forming a mass or tumour. Some tumours grow slowly and are benign, while others are aggressive and cancerous.

Brain Tumour Risk Factors:

  • Genetic mutations: Some tumours result from inherited conditions like Li-Fraumeni syndrome or neurofibromatosis.
  • Radiation exposure: High doses of ionising radiation (like during cancer treatment) can raise the risk.
  • Family history: Having close relatives with brain tumours increases susceptibility.
    Exposure to chemicals: Long-term exposure to industrial solvents and pesticides may contribute to the risk. 

It’s important to note that having one or more risk factors does not guarantee the development of a tumour, but it does raise the need for awareness and monitoring.

Who is Most Likely to Get a Brain Tumour?

Brain tumours can affect anyone, but some groups are at higher risk.

  • Age: Some brain tumours are more common in children, while others, such as glioblastomas, are more frequent in adults over 40.
  • Gender: Men are generally more likely to develop malignant brain tumours, but some types, like meningiomas, are more common in women.
  • Ethnicity: Certain ethnic groups show higher incidences of specific brain tumours.
  • Medical history: People with weakened immune systems or previous cancer history may be more vulnerable.

Being aware of your risk level can help in making proactive health choices and early detection.

How is a Brain Tumour Diagnosed?

Diagnosing a brain tumour involves a combination of medical history, physical and neurological examinations, and advanced imaging tests. Since the symptoms of brain tumours often mimic those of other neurological or general health conditions, a precise diagnosis is essential to determine the most effective brain tumour treatment.

  • Medical History and Physical Examination

The process typically begins with a detailed medical history. Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, their duration, and any changes over time. They’ll also inquire about family history, exposure to potential risk factors, and any existing health conditions.

  • Neurological Examination

A neurological exam evaluates your brain and nervous system function. This includes tests for:

  • Vision and hearing
  • Reflexes
  • Balance and coordination
  • Muscle strength
  • Mental status and memory
  • Imaging Tests

To visualise the tumour, doctors commonly use imaging techniques:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): The most accurate tool for brain imaging. MRI provides detailed images of brain tissue and can distinguish between different types of tumours.
  • Computed Tomography (CT) Scan: Often used in emergencies or when an MRI is not available. CT scans are quicker but less detailed than MRIs.
  • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan: Sometimes used to detect cancer spread or differentiate between tumour types.
  • Biopsy

In many cases, a biopsy is necessary to confirm the tumour type. This involves taking a small sample of tumour tissue for laboratory analysis. A biopsy can be done during surgery (if the tumour is being removed) or through a needle guided by imaging if surgery isn’t immediately planned.

  • Additional Tests

Depending on the suspected tumour type, additional tests may include:

  • Lumbar puncture (spinal tap): To analyse cerebrospinal fluid for cancer cells or markers.
  • Blood tests: To assess general health or detect tumour-related substances.

Early and accurate diagnosis is vital. It not only confirms the presence of a brain tumour but also determines its type, grade, and location, all of which are crucial in planning effective treatment.

How is a Brain Tumor Treated?

Brain tumour treatment depends on several factors, including the tumour’s type, size, location, whether it is benign or malignant, and the patient’s age and overall health. The primary goals of treatment are to remove or shrink the tumour, relieve symptoms, prevent recurrence, and preserve brain function. In most cases, a multidisciplinary team, including neurosurgeons, oncologists, radiologists, and neurologists in Gurgaon, works together to develop a personalised treatment plan.

  • Brain Tumour Operation (Surgery)

Surgery is often the first line of treatment, especially if the tumour is accessible and located in a part of the brain where it can be safely removed.

  • Craniotomy is the most common surgical procedure for brain tumours. A portion of the skull is removed to access and remove the tumour, then replaced after the surgery.
  • If complete removal isn’t possible due to the tumour’s location, debulking may be done to reduce its size, relieve pressure, and make other treatments more effective.

Surgery may also be used to perform a biopsy, which is essential for confirming the tumour type and guiding further treatment.

  • Radiation Therapy

Radiation therapy uses high-energy beams (such as X-rays or protons) to destroy tumour cells. It’s often used when surgery isn’t possible, after surgery to target remaining cancer cells, or in the treatment of inoperable or metastatic brain tumours.

Types of radiation therapy include:

  • External beam radiation therapy
  • Stereotactic radiosurgery (a highly focused form of radiation)
  • Proton therapy, which may reduce damage to surrounding healthy tissue
  • Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill or stop the growth of tumour cells. It may be administered orally or through intravenous injection. While less commonly used for some brain tumours, chemotherapy can be effective for certain aggressive types, like glioblastomas or medulloblastomas.

Common chemotherapy drugs for brain tumours include temozolomide (Temodar) and carmustine (BCNU).

  • Targeted Therapy

Targeted therapy drugs focus on specific molecules involved in cancer cell growth and survival. These treatments aim to block tumour growth while minimising damage to healthy cells. They are usually considered when genetic testing of the tumour reveals specific mutations or markers.

  • Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy helps boost the body’s immune system to recognise and attack cancer cells. While still under study for brain tumours, it’s becoming an option for select patients, especially those with recurrent or resistant tumours.

  • Supportive and Palliative Care

Managing symptoms and improving quality of life is a key part of treatment. Supportive therapies may include:

  • Steroids to reduce brain swelling
  • Anticonvulsants to prevent seizures
  • Rehabilitation therapy, such as physical, occupational, and speech therapy
  • Psychological support to help patients cope with emotional challenges

Brain tumour treatment is most effective for different individuals. With advances in medical technology and personalised medicine, many people with brain tumours, both benign and malignant, can experience improved outcomes and a better quality of life. If you or a loved one has been diagnosed, working with a specialised care team is essential for developing the best treatment strategy.

What are the Complications of a Brain Tumour?

Beyond the immediate challenges, brain tumours can lead to several complications.

Possible Complications:

  • Neurological damage: Depending on the tumour’s location, it may cause lasting issues with speech, vision, or movement.
  • Cognitive impairment: Memory, attention, and problem-solving abilities can be affected.
  • Hormonal imbalance: Tumours near the pituitary gland can disrupt hormone production.
  • Emotional and mental health issues: Anxiety, depression, and mood swings are common among patients.

These complications highlight the need for comprehensive care, including physical therapy, counselling, and long-term monitoring.

Can a Brain Tumour be Prevented?

There is no guaranteed way to prevent a brain tumour, but you can reduce your risk by adopting a healthy lifestyle and avoiding known risk factors.

Prevention Tips:

  • Avoid unnecessary exposure to radiation
  • Limit exposure to toxic chemicals and pollutants
  • Maintain a healthy immune system through diet, exercise, and sleep
  • Stay informed about your family medical history

Conclusion:

A brain tumour diagnosis can be life-changing, but it’s important to remember that many people go on to live healthy, fulfilling lives with proper brain tumour treatment and support. By recognising the signs of brain tumours, understanding the types of brain tumours, and seeking prompt medical care, you empower yourself or your loved ones to take the first step toward recovery and management.

Frequently Asked Questions:

Can stress cause a brain tumour?

There is no scientific evidence that stress directly causes brain tumours. However, chronic stress can impact overall health and may worsen existing symptoms.

Can a brain tumour be detected in a blood test?

Blood tests cannot diagnose a brain tumour directly, but they can help rule out other conditions or detect markers that might suggest cancer. For a comprehensive analysis, book an appointment with some of the best neurologists in Gurgaon. 

Are brain tumours painful?

Brain tumours themselves do not cause pain, but they can lead to headaches and discomfort due to pressure on surrounding brain tissues.

Can brain tumours affect personality or behaviour?

Yes, tumours in areas that control emotions or cognition, like the frontal lobe, can cause changes in mood, personality, or behaviour.

Can brain tumours go away on their own?

No, brain tumours do not go away on their own. Even benign tumours may need monitoring or treatment if they grow or cause symptoms. For effective treatment, it is always advisable to undergo a comprehensive diagnosis and early treatment at the top hospital in Gurgaon.

Is a brain tumour always visible on an MRI?

Most brain tumours are detectable on an MRI, especially with contrast dye, but small or early-stage tumours may be missed without high-resolution imaging.

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